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The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Birth rate – Demographics )〕 The rate of births in a population is calculated in several ways: live births from a universal registration system for births, deaths, and marriages; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate (along with mortality and migration rate) are used to calculate population growth. The ''crude birth rate'' is the number of live births per 1,000 people per year.〔See "Fertility rates"; Economic Geography Glossary at University of Washington〕 Another term used interchangeably with ''birth rate'' is ''natality''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=birthrate – definition of birthrate by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia )〕 When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, the result is the rate of natural increase (RNI).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) | Data | Table )〕 This is equal to the rate of population change (excluding migration).〔 The total (crude) birth rate (which includes all births)—typically indicated as births per 1,000 population—is distinguished from an age-specific rate (the number of births per 1,000 persons in an age group).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=birthrate: Definition from )〕 The first known use of the term "birth rate" in English occurred in 1859.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Birthrate – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary )〕 In 2012 the average global birth rate was 19.15 births per 1,000 total population, compared to 20.09 per 1,000 total population in 2007. The raw birth rate (not births/population rate) is 4.3 births/second for the world (2014 est.).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World Birth rate )〕 == Political issues == The birth rate is an issue of concern and policy for national governments. Some (including those of Italy and Malaysia) seek to increase the birth rate with financial incentives or provision of support services to new mothers. Conversely, other countries have policies to reduce the birth rate (for example, China's one-child policy). Policies to increase the crude birth rate are known as pro-natalist policies, and policies to reduce the crude birth rate are known as anti-natalist policies. Measures such as improved information on birth control and its availability have achieved similar results in countries such as Iran. There has also been discussion on whether bringing women into the forefront of development initiatives will lead to a decline in birth rates. In some countries, government policies have focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's rights, sexual and reproductive health. Typically, high birth rates are associated with health problems, low life expectancy, low living standards, low social status for women and low educational levels. Demographic transition theory postulates that as a country undergoes economic development and social change its population growth declines, with birth rates serving as an indicator. At the 1974 World Population Conference in Bucharest, Romania, women's issues gained considerable attention. Family programs were discussed, and 137 countries drafted a World Population Plan of Action. As part of the discussion, many countries accepted modern birth control methods such as the birth control pill and the condom while opposing abortion. In 1994, another action plan was drafted in Cairo, Egypt, under the aegis of the United Nations. Population and the need to incorporate women into the discourse were discussed; it was agreed that improvements in women's status and initiatives in defense of reproductive health and freedom, the environment, and sustainable socioeconomic development were needed. Birth rates ranging from 10–20 births per 1,000 are considered low, while rates from 40–50 births per 1,000 are considered high. There are problems associated with both extremes. High birth rates may stress government welfare and family programs. Additional problems faced by a country with a high birth rate include educating a growing number of children, creating jobs for these children when they enter the workforce, and dealing with the environmental impact of a large population. Low birth rates may stress the government to provide adequate senior welfare systems and stress families who must support the elders themselves. There will be fewer children (and a working-age population) to support an aging population. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Birth rate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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